Preventing all cheating in online quizzes, tests, and examinations in remote/distance and online courses is impossible, but you can reduce the risk by implementing a variety of ideas (Conway-Klaassen & Keil, 2020; WCET et al., 2009; Williamson, 2018).

1. Limit the availability of the quiz, test, or exam using the restrictions in the LMS’s quiz tool.
2. Set time limits for completion of the assessment that is based on the number of questions using the restrictions in the LMS’s quiz tool. Important: Please keep in mind that some of your students will have accessibility requirements. Therefore it is best practice to remind students before the accessibility services deadline to contact your institution’s accessibility services to assist in arranging alternative or modified assessments.
3. Creating your own questions is a key component. Importantly, if you use a test bank as a source for questions, edit each question and all possible answers extensively. As test bank questions are readily found on file-sharing and note-sharing websites, such as Quizlet and Course Hero creating large differences between shared questions and answers decreases the ability of learners to use the file-sharing website effectively.
4. Create more questions than can be chosen at random for each student and randomize the order of the answers.
5. Use a variety of question types (e.g., short and long answer, multiple-choice) that ask students to critically think and apply information rather than simply testing their recall ability.
6. Write plausible wrong answers for all multiple-choice questions.
7. Create questions that have multiple correct answers.
8. Show one question at a time.
9. Disable “right click” and “instant messages” and “alerts”.
10. Require forced completion; that is, once a student begins the assessment, they are required to finish it in one sitting.
11. Limit the number of assessment attempts to one.
12. Release quiz, test, and exam scores only when all students have completed the assessment.
13. Allow open-book and open-note quizzes, tests, and exams. It is difficult to prevent students from looking at their notes in unproctored or unmonitored settings, so this reduces some pressure and students are more likely to use approved rather than unapproved test-taking supports.
14. Do not release graded quizzes, tests, or exams (i.e., the test questions with correct and incorrect answers), but do provide feedback to students about areas they should focus on for their next assessment.
15. Offer a practice quiz, test, or exam. Your students will become acquainted with your assessment format. Doing so will help reduce students’ stress levels and help to ensure fairer assessment.
16. Reduce the weight of exams relative to the overall grade of the course and increase the weight of other assessment types.
17. Require students to agree to an honour statement. This can be included as the first question in a quiz, test, or exam. It serves as a reminder to make ethical choices. Additional support can be found at Brightspace Tutorials and Moodle Tutorials.

1. Provide direct links to resources for writing and citing.
2. When appropriate, ask students to submit their reference articles or other supporting material with the text they cited highlighted (Meizlish, 2003).
3. Compare the writing that students post on discussion boards with their other written work (Hill, 2010).
4. Assign specific books or articles to be used for completing writing assignments (Hill, 2010).
5. Check the file properties for the creation date and author for writing assignments.